Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) affects millions globally ... It only produces overlapping images of the lumbar spine and is unable to visualize soft tissue structures such as intervertebral discs, dural ...

Methods: We developed an automated and robust pipeline that generates and simulates biofidelic vertebrae and intervertebral disc finite element method (FEM ... more information needs to be derived ...

Both vertebral fractures and degenerative spinal conditions, such as disc height narrowing (DHN) and facet joint osteoarthritis (FJOA), are significant contributors to back pain and disability.

After reading the publications 7 papers fulfilled the inclusion criteria, and 60 papers were excluded because they did not report on any quantitative radiological sign of lumbar spinal stenosis.