called core electrons, are used for self-stabilization and do not interact with other atoms. On the other hand, the outer electrons, or valence electrons, define most of the material's properties ...

Valence electrons with quantum properties are also expected to exhibit emergent phenomena, making these crystals essential for studying novel material functionalities. However, the extent to which ...

We find that it is the 4s orbital electrons that are ionised first before the 3d orbitals. We have to conclude that, ironically for the d-block elements, the 4s orbitals are in fact higher in energy ...