However, for many other applications, especially those requiring intense laser light — such as marking ... brightness and low divergence (as small as 0.1 degrees) vertically from the top.

Part of the challenge is that the optical fiber inside the cladding is often very small ... laser precisely. The effects can be interesting; we had no idea comms-grade fiber could leak as much ...

The laser light can be switched on and off by applying an electric field to the droplets. These droplets are extremely small (30 µm in diameter) and can be densely arranged in large quantities ...