His serum tumor markers at presentation included an α-fetoprotein (AFP) level of 137 µg/l (normal range 0–15 µg/l) and a human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level of 86 IU/l (normal range 0 ...

The protocol most commonly used is the triple marker screen, which measures serum levels of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), unconjugated estriol (uE3), and beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (beta-hCG).

Chromatographic analysis of serum or urine and the ratio of ... FSH = follicle-stimulating hormone; hCG = human chorionic gonadotropin; HH = hypogonadotropic hypogonadism; LH = luteinizing hormone ...