Figure 1: Mechanisms of rapid non-genomic receptor-dependent actions of estrogen in four cell types. E2 induces MAPK phosphorylation and activation within 5 minutes in osteoblasts (ref.

CaP: Prostate cancer; DPN: Diarylpropionitrile; E: Estradiol 17b; ER: Estrogen receptor; GPR: G-protein-coupled receptor; MPP: Methyl-piperidino-pyrazole; PC ...