When atoms are put together to form a three-dimensional substance, the properties of the substance are governed by how quantum clouds of electrons, the orbitals, move around and interact with each ...

"They touch when the electron orbitals of one atom overlap enough with the electron orbitals of the other atom that physical or chemical effects start happening," Baird explained. "This is ...

In Bohr’s 1913 papers he envisaged atoms along the lines established by his mentor Ernest Rutherford: dense nuclei orbited by ...