Intravenous (i.v.) anesthetics include etomidate, midazolam, propofol, thiopental, ketamine, and opioid agonists. The first four agents act by enhancing the activity of the inhibitory ...

The application of a topical anesthetic like ELA-max after the thaw cycle is a unique, easy, and expeditious way to eliminate the pain attendant with the use of liquid nitrogen cryotherapy.